Abstract
It is generally recognized that descriptive and normative individualism are logically independent theses. This paper defends the stronger view that recognition of the falsehood of descriptive individualism is crucial to understanding the evolutionary and developmental basis of normative individualism. The argument given for this is not analytic; rather, it is based on empirical generalizations about the evolution of markets with specialized labor, about the nature of information processing in large markets, and about the socialization of human children.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.
Recommended Citation
Ross, Don
(2012)
"The Evolution of Individualistic Norms,"
Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication:
Vol. 7.
https://doi.org/10.4148/biyclc.v7i0.1780
References
Akerlof, G. & Schiller, R. 2009. Animal Spirits. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Anderson, L. & Holt, C. 1997. ‘Information cascades in the laboratory’. American Economic Review 87: 847–862.
Ariely, D. 2008. Predictably Irrational. New York: Harper.
Bacharach, M. 2006. Beyond Individual Choice. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bergstrom, T. 2002. 'Evolution of social behavior: Individual and group selection'. Journal of Economic Perspectives 16: 67–88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330027265
Bowles, S. & Gintis, H. 2004. 'The evolution of strong reciprocity: Cooperation in heterogeneous populations'. Theoretical Population Biology 65: 17–28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2003.07.001
PMid:14642341
Bruner, J. 1986. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Burnham, T. & Johnson, D. 2005. 'The biological and evolutionary logic of human cooperation'. Analyse & Kritik 27: 113–135.
Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G. & Prelec, D. 2005. 'Neuroeconomics: How neuroscience can inform economics'. Journal of Economic Literature 43: 9–64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0022051053737843
Carlsson, H. & van Damme, E. 1993. 'Global games and equilibrium selection'. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 61: 989–1018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951491
Clark, A. 1997. Being There. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clark, G. 2007. A Farewell to Alms. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Corazzini, L. & Greiner, B. 2007. 'Herding, social preferences, and (non) conformity'. Economics Letters 97: 74–80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.02.024
Dennett, D. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown.
Donald, M. 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Dunbar, R. 1988. Primate Social Systems. London: Croom Helm.
Elster, J. 2000. Ulysses Unbound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625008
Frank, R. 1987. 'If Homo economicus could choose his own utility function, would he want one with a conscience?' American Economic Review 77: 593–604.
Gallese, V. 2003. 'The roots of empathy: The shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity'. Psychopathology 36: 171–180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000072786
PMid:14504450
Gallese, V. 2007. 'Before and below "theory of mind": Simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition'. In N. Clayton N. Emery & C. Frith (eds.) 'Social Intelligence', 179–196. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gintis, H. 2000. 'Strong reciprocity and human sociality'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 206: 169–179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2111
PMid:10966755
Gintis, H. 2006. 'Behavioral ethics meets natural justice'. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 5: 5–32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594X06060617
Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. & Fehr, E. 2003. 'Explaining altruistic behavior in humans'. Evolution and Human Behavior 24: 153–172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00157-5
Gintis, H., Henrich, J., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. & Fehr, E. 2008. 'Strong reciprocity and the roots of human morality'. Social Justice Research 21: 241–253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0067-y
Glimcher, P. 2003. Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Guala, F. 2012. 'Reciprocity: weak or strong? What punishment experiments do (and do not) demonstrate'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35: 1–59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000069
PMid:22289303
Hamilton, W. 1964. 'The genetical evolution of social behavior I & II'. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1–52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(64)90039-6
Harris, J. 2006. No Two Alike. New York: Norton.
Hartley, J. 1997. The Representative Agent in Macroeconomics. London: Routledge.
Hayek, F. 1949. Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hollis, M. 1998. Trust within Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612244
Hoover, K. 1988. The New Classical Macroeconomics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Huck, S. & Oechssler, J. 2000. 'Informational cascades in the laboratory: Do they occur for the right reasons?' Journal of Economic Psychology 21: 661–671.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(00)00025-8
Hume, D. 1748/1977. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Indianapolis: Hackett.
PMCid:470591
Hung, A. & Plott, C. 2001. 'Information cascades: Replication and an extension to majority rule and conformity-rewarding institutions'. American Economic Review 91: 1508–1520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1508
Hurley, S. & Chater, N. (eds.). 2005. Perspectives on Imitation. MIT Press.
Hutchins, E. 1995. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hutto, D. 2008. Folk Psychological Narratives. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Janssen, M. 1993. Microfoundations: A Critical Inquiry. London: Routledge.
Jaynes, J. 1976. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Jensen, K., Call, J. & Tomasello, M. 2006. 'What's in it for me? Self-regard precludes altruism and spite in chimpanzees'. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 273: 1013–1021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3417
PMid:16627288 PMCid:1560238
Joyce, R. 2001. The Myth of Morality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511487101
Lee, D. & Wang, X.-J. 2009. ‘Mechanisms for stochastic decision making in the primate frontal cortex: Single-neuron recording and circuit modeling’. In P. Glimcher, C. Camerer, E. Fehr & R. Poldrack (eds.) ‘Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain’, 481–501. London: Elsevier.
Lee, D., Conroy, M., McGreevy, B. & Barraclough, D. 2004. 'Reinforcement learning and decision making in monkeys during a competitive game'. Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research 22: 45–48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.07.007
PMid:15561500
Lee, D., McGreevy, B. & Barraclough, D. 2005. 'Learning and decision-making in monkeys during a rock-paper-scissors game'. Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research 25: 416–430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.07.003
PMid:16095886
Lukes, S. 1968. 'Methodological individualism reconsidered'. British Journal of Sociology 19: 119–129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/588689
McClure, S., Draw, N. & Montague, R. 2003. 'A computational substrate for incentive salience'. Trends in Neurosciences 26: 423–428.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00177-2
McGeer, V. 2001. 'Psycho-practice, psycho-theory, and the contrastive case of autism'. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8: 109–132.
Miller, R. 1978. 'Methodological individualism and social explanation'. Philosophy of Science 45: 387–414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/288814
Morris, C. 1972. The Discovery of the Individual: 1050–1200. New York: Harper & Row.
Morris, S. & Shin, H.-S. 1998. ‘A theory of the onset of currency attacks’. Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford Economics Papers working paper series no. 149.
Nöth, M. & Weber, M. 2003. 'Informational aggregation with random ordering: Cascades and overconfidence'. Economic Journal 113: 166–189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00091
Ofek, H. 2001. Second Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754937
PMCid:97851
Page, S. 2007. The Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pareto, V. 1927. Mannuel d’économie politique. Paris: Marcel Giard.
Pettit, P. 1993. The Common Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pettit, P. 1997. Republicanism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
PMCid:191824
Ross, D. 2004. 'Meta-linguistic signalling for coordination amongst social agents'. Language Sciences 26: 621–642.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2004.09.008
Ross, D. 2005. Economic Theory and Cognitive Science, vol. 1: Microexplanation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ross, D. 2006a. 'Evolutionary game theory and the normative theory of institutional design: Binmore and behavioral economics'. Philosophy, Politics & Economics 5: 51–79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594X06060619
Ross, D. 2006b. 'The economics and evolution of selves'. Cognitive Systems Research 7: 246–258.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.11.003
Ross, D. 2007. 'H. sapiens as ecologically special: What does language contribute?' Language Sciences 29: 710–731.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.008
Ross, D. 2008a. 'Economics, cognitive science and social cognition'. Cognitive Systems Research 9: 125–135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.06.010
Ross, D. 2008b. 'Classical game theory, socialization, and the rationalization of conventions'. Topoi 27: 57–72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-008-9028-1
Ross, D. 2011. ‘The economic agent: Not human, but important’. In U. Maki (Ed.), Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, vol. 13: Economics. London: Elsevier.
Ross, D. 2011b. 'Estranged parents and a schizophrenic child: Choice in economics, psychology and neuroeconomics.' Journal of Economic Methodology 18: 217–231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2011.611024
Ross, D., Spurrett, D., Kincaid, H. & Stephens, G. L. (eds.). 2007. Distributed Cognition and the Will. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Samuelson, P. 1947/1983. Foundations of Economic Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Enlarged ed.
Seabright, P. 2010. The Company of Strangers. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Revised ed.
Sgroi, D. 2003. 'The right choice at the right time: A herding experiment in endogenous time'. Experimental Economics 6: 159–180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025357004821
Silk, J. 2009. ‘Social preferences in primates’. In E. Fehr P. Glimcher, C. Camerer & R. Poldrack (eds.) ‘Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain’, 269–284. London: Elsevier.
Silk, J., Brosnan, S., Vonk, J., Henrich, J., Povinelli, D. & et al., A. Richardson. 2005.'Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of other group members'. Nature 435: 1357–1359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04243
PMid:16251965
Smith, V. 2008. Rationality in Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spiwoks, M., Bizer, K. & Hein, O. 2008. 'Informational cascades: A mirage?' Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 67: 193–199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.005
Thaler, R. 1992. The Winner's Curse. New York: Free Press.
Thalos, M. & Andreou, C. 2009. 'Of human bonding: An essay on the natural history of agency'. Public Reason 1: 46–73.
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J. & T. Behne, H. Moll. 2004. 'Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28: 691–735.
von Mises, L. 1949. Human Action. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Vonk, J., Brosnan, S., Silk, J., Henrich, J., Richardson, A. & et al., S. Lambeth. 2008. 'Chimpanzees do not take advantage of very low cost opportunities to deliver food to unrelated group members'. Animal Behaviour 75: 1757–1770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.036
Walras, L. 1874. Élements d’économie politique pure ou théorie de la richesse sociale. Lausanne: L. Corbaz.
Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. 2006. 'Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees'. Science 311: 1301–1303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1121448
PMid:16513986
Warneken, F., Hare, B., Melis, A., Hanus, D. & Tomasello, M. 2007. 'Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children'. PLoS Biology 5, no. e184. Doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050184
Weber, M. 1905/2002. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. (Baehr, P., & Wells, G., Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
West, S., El Mouden, C. & Gardner, A. 2010. 'Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans'. Evolution and Human Behavior 32: 231–262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.001
Wrangham, R. 2009. Catching Fire. New York: Basic Books.
PMCid:2686658
Wrangham, R., Jones, J., Laden, G., Pilbeam, D. & Conklin-Brittain, N. L. 1999. 'The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins'. Current Anthropology 40: 567–594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/300083
PMid:10539941