Ovulation potential of human chorionic gonadotropin versus GnRH

Experiments have shown human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to be more effective than GnRH as a means to induce ovulation of folli-cles. Dosages used, however, have differed greatly among experiments. A study was per-formed to determine the minimum effective dose of hCG needed to induce ovulation of ovarian follicles in dairy cows. Ovaries of Holstein cows were mapped by using transrec-tal ultrasonography 7 days before a biweekly pregnancy diagnosis. Cows were assigned randomly to treatments of saline, 100 Î1⁄4g of GnRH (2 mL of Fertagyl, Intervet, Inc., Mills-boro, NJ), or 500, 1000, 2000, or 3000 IU of hCG (0.5, 1, 2, or 3 mL of Chorulon, Intervet, Inc., Millsboro, NJ). Ovarian structures were monitored again 7 days later, and the propor-tion of cows, and proportion of follicles ≥8 mm in diameter, that ovulated were recorded. A dose of at least 1000 IU of hCG resulted in a greater ovulatory response than saline, GnRH, or 500 IU of hCG.; Dairy Day, 2006, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2006;


Introduction
Estrus-synchronization and ovulationcontrol protocols that facilitate fixed-time insemination (TAI) have been a reality for several years.Although these programs offer the opportunity to facilitate the use of TAI without detection of estrus, conception rates have historically been compromised.Most of these schemes traditionally use GnRH to control follicular development and induce ovulation of a dominant follicle.Research has shown, however, that the human hormone hCG is more effective than GnRH at causing these follicles to ovulate.Although hCG acts to prevent luteolysis and maintain pregnancy by induction of ancillary luteal structures in humans, hCG has an LH-like activity in cattle and other species.The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum, most-effective dose of hCG needed to induce ovulation follicles ≥ 8 mm in diameter in cattle.

Procedures
Ovaries of Holstein cows and heifers at the Kansas State University Dairy Teaching and Research Center were examined by transrectal ultrasonography, and structures were mapped, sized, and recorded.Cattle received a treatment of saline, GnRH, or one of 4 doses of hCG.Descriptions of treatments are illustrated in Figure 1.Cows were then reexamined 1 week later, and those follicles that were induced to ovulate were noted.

Results and Discussion
Results of this experiment are summarized in Table 1.Ovulatory responses (shown as the percentage of cows with a new corpus luteum, in Table 1) per female treated with saline, GnRH, or 500 IU of hCG were exceeded (P<0.05) by the larger doses (1000 IU or greater) of hCG.When the combined hCG doses ≥ 1000 IU were compared with only saline, the P value was = 0.06.More than 95% of the females had at least 1 follicle ≥ 8 mm in diameter.Number of follicles at least ≥ 8 mm in diameter per female averaged approximately 2 in each group of females before treatment.When ovulatory response was calculated based on the total numbers of follicles, percentage responses were similar to those on a per-cow basis.Compared with saline, GnRH, and 500 IU of hCG, the greater doses of hCG produced (P<0.05)more ovulations.A tendency (P = 0.12) for more follicles to ovu-late after at least 1000 IU of hCG than after saline alone.Some ovulations in each treatment were spontaneous due to the stage of cycle at treatment, and some corpora lutea were immature at the time of first observation and were not visible until the second examination occurred 7 days later.The study shows that a dose of 1000 IU of hCG exceeds the ovulatory capacity of saline, GnRH, and the smallest dose of hCG (500 IU) in these dairy females.Combined doses of hCG (≥ 1000 IU) tended (P = 0.06) to differ from saline; compared with saline, GnRH, and the smallest dose of hCG, a difference (P<0.05)occurred.
b Combined doses of hCG (≥ 1000 IU) tended (P = 0.12) to differ from saline; compared with saline, GnRH, and the smallest dose of hCG, a difference (P<0.05)occurred.
1 Included a few nulliparous heifers.
2 No. of follicles per group.
biweekly schedule, cows varied between 24 and 33 days post-AI at time of first ultrasound examination and treatment.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Treatment Scheme for Monitoring Ovulatory Capacity of GnRH and Various Doses of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Relative to Saline Injection.

Table 1 . Ovulatory Response 7 Days after Saline, GnRH, and hCG
a