Use of Specialty Soy Products to Replace Poultry Meal and Spray-Use of Specialty Soy Products to Replace Poultry Meal and Spray-Dried Blood Plasma in Diets Provided to Nursery Pigs Housed in Dried Blood Plasma in Diets Provided to Nursery Pigs Housed in Commercial Conditions Commercial Conditions

.


Summary
A total of 2,260 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02]; initially 14.8 lb) were used to evaluate a specialty soy protein source as an alternative to poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma on nursery pig performance in a commercial environment.At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments based on initial weight in two research nurseries.In the first facility there were 20 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment.In the second facility, there were 21 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment for a total of 22 replications per treatment.Dietary treatments included a control diet containing 9.5% poultry meal (AV-E Digest, XFE Products, Des Moines, IA) and 4.13 (phase 1) or 2.75% (phase 2) spray-dried blood plasma (Appetein, APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).The four additional diets were set up in a 2 × 2 factorial with a novel soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Plainfield, IN) or fermented soybean meal (MEPro; Prairie Aquatech; Brookings, SD) replacing poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma in the control diet.Pigs were fed experimental diets during phase 1 (d 0 to 7) and phase 2 (d 7 to 21).Following phase 2, pigs were fed a common diet for an additional 21 d (d 21 to 42).During the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed the novel soy protein concentrate had improved (P < 0.001) F/G with no differences in ADG or ADFI compared to pigs fed fermented soybean meal.During the experimental period (d 0 to 21) and overall (d 0 to 42), pigs fed soy protein as a replacement to poultry meal had increased (P ≤ 0.016) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the control diet.During the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed soy protein as a replacement to spray-dried blood plasma had improved (P = 0.044) F/G compared to pigs fed soy protein without replacing spray-dried blood plasma, with no differences in ADG or ADFI.In summary, utilizing a specialty soy protein source as a replacement for poultry meal improved growth performance.Replacing poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma with soy protein improved feed efficiency when treatment diets were fed, but not overall.In addition, the novel soy protein concentrate improved feed efficiency

Introduction
Low feed intake is common in nursery pigs during the first few weeks after weaning, ultimately limiting their growth.Although soybean meal is the predominant protein source used in nursery pig diets, it contains antinutritional factors that cause a hypersensitive immune response in the gastrointestinal tract. 3As a result, soybean meal's antinutritional factors limit the inclusion rate in diets immediately after weaning.Thus, other protein sources that are high quality, cost-effective, and contain minimal anti-nutritional factors are used to meet the amino acid requirements of the pig.Spray-dried blood plasma is used in nursery pig diets because of its high amino acid digestibility and presence of gamma immunoglobulins to promote growth, immune status, and gut health. 4Spray-dried blood plasma has been shown to increase nursery pig performance, but its inclusion in diets is often expensive relative to vegetable protein sources. 5Poultry meal is another protein source that is used because of its similarities in AA content to other specialty protein sources such as fish meal. 6However, the source and quality of poultry meal can lead to inconsistencies regarding nursery pig performance. 7rmented soybean meal is a soybean meal-based product that is further processed to optimize protein and amino acids while significantly reducing potential anti-nutritional factors.It has been used as an alternative to fish meal and other protein sources in nursery diets.Soy protein concentrate is another alternative protein source that can be used due to its high AA digestibility and minimal content of anti-nutritional factors.Recently, a novel soy protein concentrate has entered the market with a low acidbinding capacity relative to soybean meal and other soy protein sources.Ingredients with low acid-binding capacity can maintain a low stomach pH, which may improve nursery pig health status and growth performance.However, little data are available to determine the new product's effects in comparison to other soy specialty protein sources, or its quality as a replacement for other specialty protein products.Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate a novel soy protein concentrate and fermented soybean meal as a replacement to poultry meal or spray-dried blood plasma in nursery pig diets under commercial conditions. 3Li, D. F., J. L. Nelssen, P. G. Reddy, F. Blecha, R. Klemm, and R. D. Goodband.1991.Interrelationship between hypersensitivity to soybean proteins and growth performance in early-weaned pigs.J. Anim.Sci.69:4062-4069.doi:10.2527/1991.69104062x. 4Balan, P., M. Staincliffe, and P.J. Moughan.2021.Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on the growth performance of weaned piglets-a review.J. Anim.Physiol.Anim.Nutr.105:699-714.doi:10.1111/jpn.13435. 5Pierce, J. L., G. L. Cromwell, M. D. Lindemann, L. E. Russell, and E. M. Weaver.2005.Effects of spraydried animal plasma and immunoglobulins on performance of early-weaned pigs.J. Anim.Sci.83:2876-2885.doi:10.2527/2005.83122876x. 6Keegan, T. P., J. M. DeRouchey, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, and S. S. Dritz.2004.The effects of poultry meal source and ash level on nursery pig performance.Journal of Animal Science. 7Rojas, O. J., and H. H. Stein.2015.Effects of replacing fish, chicken, or poultry by-product meal with fermented soybean meal in diets fed to weanling pigs.Rev. Colomb.Cienc.Pecu.28:22-41.

Procedures
The Kansas State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the protocol used in this experiment.The experiment was conducted at two commercial research sites owned and operated by New Fashion Pork in Jackson, MN.All diets were manufactured at the New Fashion Pork feed mill located in Estherville, IA.

Animals and diets
A total of 2,260 pigs (PIC TR4 × [Fast LW × PIC L02]; initially 14.8 lb) were used in a 42-d study across two facilities.In the first facility, there were 20 pigs per pen and 10 replications per treatment spread across two rooms.In the second facility, there were 21 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment.In total, there were 22 replications per treatment.Pens were randomly assigned to treatment and blocked based on initial body weight.Dietary treatments included a control diet containing 9.5% poultry meal (AV-E Digest, XFE Products, Des Moines, IA) and 4.13 (phase 1) or 2.75% (phase 2) spray-dried blood plasma (Appetein, APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).The four additional diets were set up in a 2 × 2 factorial with a novel soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Plainfield, IN) or fermented soybean meal (MEPro; Prairie Aquatech; Brookings, SD) replacing poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma in the control diet.Protein sources were added to the diet to maintain a similar level of soybean meal and balanced for SID amino acids by using feed-grade amino acids.Thus, soy protein sources were added at 6 and 13 (phase 1) or 10.75% (phase 2) of the diet to replace poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma, respectively.Dietary treatment structure allowed the opportunity to compare each protein source to the other, the soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal, and the soy protein sources as a replacement to spray-dried blood plasma.Diets were formulated to contain 1.36% (phase 1) and 1.42% (phase 2) SID Lys and met or exceeded other nutrient requirement estimates established by the NRC. 8Treatment diets were fed for 7 d in phase 1 (d 0 to 7) and 14 d in phase 2 (d 7 to 21).Following phase 2, all pigs were fed a common diet for an additional 21 d (d 21 to 42).Pens of pigs were weighed, and feed disappearance was calculated weekly from d 7 to 42 to determine ADG, ADFI, and F/G.

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the RStudio environment (Version 1.3.1093,RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA) using R programming language [Version 4.0.2(2020-06-22), R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria] with body weight serving as the blocking factor and pen as the experimental unit.Block was included in the model as a random effect.Interactive and main effects of soy protein source, replacement of poultry meal, and replacement of spraydried blood plasma were tested using the lmer function.Differences between treatments were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and marginally significant at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10.

Results and Discussion
Throughout the study, there were no soy source × specialty protein replacement strategy interactions for any response criteria (P > 0.10).

Swine Day 2022 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service
When comparing soy protein sources, in phase 1 (d 0 to 7), pigs fed fermented soybean meal tended to have increased (P = 0.063) ADFI compared to pigs fed the novel soy protein concentrate.In phase 2 (d 7 to 21) and the full experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed the novel soy protein concentrate had improved (P < 0.001) F/G compared to pigs fed fermented soybean meal.In the common period (d 21 to 42), pigs previously fed fermented soybean meal tended to have improved (P = 0.079) F/G compared to pigs previously fed soy protein concentrate.Overall (d 0 to 42), there were no differences (P > 0.10) between pigs fed novel soy protein concentrate or fermented soybean meal for BW, ADG, ADFI, or F/G.
For the comparison of soy protein sources replacing poultry meal, in phase 1 (d 0 to 7) pigs fed diets containing the soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal had improved (P ≤ 0.016) BW, ADG, ADFI, and F/G.In phase 2 (d 7 to 21) and the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed the soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal had increased (P < 0.001) BW, ADG, and ADFI with no differences in F/G.In the common period, pigs previously fed soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal had increased (P = 0.044) ADFI; however, pigs previously fed the control diet had improved (P = 0.002) F/G compared to pigs previously fed soy protein sources replacing poultry meal.Overall (d 0 to 42), pigs fed the soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal had increased (P ≤ 0.028) BW, ADG, and ADFI; however, pigs fed the control diet had improved (P = 0.029) F/G compared to pigs fed diets when soy protein sources replaced poultry meal.
For the comparison of soy protein sources replacing spray-dried blood plasma, in phase 1 (d 0 to 7), pigs fed diets containing soy protein sources as a replacement to spraydried blood plasma tended to have increased (P ≤ 0.075) BW and ADG and improved (P = 0.020) F/G.In the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs that were fed soy protein sources as a replacement to spray-dried blood plasma tended to have increased (P = 0.097) ADG and improved (P = 0.044) F/G.In the common period (d 21 to 42) and overall (d 0 to 42), there were no differences (P > 0.10) for pigs fed soy protein sources as a replacement to spray-dried blood plasma.Overall (d 0 to 42), there were no differences (P > 0.10) in removals and mortalities between dietary treatments.In summary, the results of this experiment indicate that utilizing a novel soy protein concentrate or fermented soybean meal as a replacement to poultry meal improved growth performance in nursery pigs.Continued replacement of poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma yielded an additional improvement in feed efficiency.The results of this study also indicate that the novel soy protein concentrate improved feed efficiency during the experimental period compared to fermented soybean meal.Additional research is warranted to determine if improved nutrient utilization of the novel soy protein concentrate can be attributed to its low acid-binding capacity properties or some other mechanism.

Table 1 .
Phase 1 diet composition (as-fed basis) 1 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

Table 1 .
Phase 1 diet composition (as-fed basis) 1 Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service

Table 3 .
Specialty soy protein products to replace poultry meal and blood plasma on nursery diets in commercial conditions 1

Table 3 .
Specialty soy protein products to replace poultry meal and blood plasma on nursery diets in commercial conditions 1