•  
  •  
 

Keywords

Age, Income, Rural, Life Course Theory, Rural South Dakota

Abstract

Previous research establishes a positive correlation between age and income during the working years of 18 to 65. Survey data from the first 10 communities in a development project in South Dakota do not exhibit this correlation. Census data is examined for the 10 counties involved to determine whether the correlation is absent countywide or if self-selection bias may have produced this result. With income distributions matching their respective counties and working age distributions that do not, factors that might skew self-selection in the observed manner are examined from a life-course perspective.

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

References


1. Diaz-Giménez, Javier, Andy Glover, and José Victor Ríos-Rull. 2011. "Facts on the Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth in the United States: 2007 Update." Quarterly Review (02715287) 34:2-31.

2. Diaz-Giménez, Javier, Andy Glover, and José Victor Ríos-Rull. 2011. "Facts on the Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth in the United States: 2007 Update." Quarterly Review (02715287) 34:2-31.

3. Reddy, Sanjay and Camelia Minoiu. 2009. "Real Income Stagnation of Countries 1960-2001." Journal of Development Studies 45:1-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380802265249

4. Renski, Henry. 2009. "New Firm Entry, Survival, and Growth in the United States: A Comparison of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas." Journal of the American Planning Association 75:60-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360802558424

5. Renski, Henry. 2009. "New Firm Entry, Survival, and Growth in the United States: A Comparison of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas." Journal of the American Planning Association 75:60-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360802558424

6. Renski, Henry. 2009. "New Firm Entry, Survival, and Growth in the United States: A Comparison of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas." Journal of the American Planning Association 75:60-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944360802558424

7. Uzzi, Brian and Shannon Dunlap. 2005. "How to Build Your Network." Harvard Business Review 83:53-60.

8. Kangayi, Chipo, M. Rose Olfert, and Mark Partridge. 2009. "Co-operatives and Rural Community Population Growth: Evidence from Canada." Review of Regional Studies 39:49-71.

9. Kangayi, Chipo, M. Rose Olfert, and Mark Partridge. 2009. "Co-operatives and Rural Community population Growth: Evidence from Canada." Review of Regional Studies 39:49-71.

10. Farole, Thomas, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, and Michael Storper. 2011. "Human geography and the institutions that underlie economic growth." Progress in Human Geography 35:58-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132510372005

11. Partridge, Mark, Ray D. Bollman, M. Rose Olfert, and Alessandro Alasia. 2007. "Riding the Wave of Urban Growth in the Countryside: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation?" Land Economics 83:128-152.

12. Lee, Gary R. and Marie L. Lassey. 1980. “Rural-Urban Differences Among the Elderly: Economic, Social, and Subjective Factors.” Journal of Social Issues 36(2):62-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1980.tb02022.x

13. Tickamyer, Ann R. and Cynthia M. Duncan. 1990. “Poverty and Opportunity Structure in Rural America.” Annual Review of Sociology 16:67-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.000435

14. Philip, Lorna J. and Alana Gilbert. 2007. "Low Income amongst the Older Population in Great Britain: A Rural/Non-rural Perspective on Income Levels and Dynamics." Regional Studies 41:735-746.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701281717


15. Philip, Lorna J. and Alana Gilbert. 2007. "Low Income amongst the Older Population in Great Britain: A Rural/Non-rural Perspective on Income Levels and Dynamics." Regional Studies 41:735-746.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701281717

16. Mookherjee, Dilip, Debraj Ray, and Stefan Napel. 2010. "ASPIRATIONS, SEGREGATION, AND OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE." Journal of the European Economic Association 8:139-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00498.x

17. Elder, Glen H. 1998. "The Life Course as Developmental Theory." Child Development 69:1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1132065
PMid:9499552

18. Elder, Glen H. 1998. "The Life Course as Developmental Theory." Child Development 69:1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1132065
PMid:9499552

19. Elder, Glen H. 1998. "The Life Course as Developmental Theory." Child Development 69:1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1132065
PMid:9499552

20. Dannefer, Dale. 2003. "Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory." The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58:S327-S337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327

21. Dannefer, Dale. 2003. "Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory." The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58:S327-S337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327

22. Dannefer, Dale. 2003. "Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory." The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58:S327-S337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327

23. Dannefer, Dale. 2003. "Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory." The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58:S327-S337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327

24. Dannefer, Dale. 2003. "Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilizing Age and Social Science Theory." The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58:S327-S337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.6.S327

25. Carr, Patrick J. and Maria J. Kefalas. 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

26. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009b. "United States - Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2009", Retrieved 12/8/2011, 2011 (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=).

27. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009a. ACS-2009 Extract [MRDF]. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census [producer]. Brookings, SD: Rural Life and Census Data Center [distributor].

28. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009a. ACS-2009 Extract [MRDF]. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census [producer]. Brookings, SD: Rural Life and Census Data Center [distributor].

29. Minitab 16 Statistical Software. 2010. [Computer software]. State College, PA: Minitab, Inc. (www.minitab.com).

30. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009b. "United States - Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2009", Retrieved 12/8/2011, 2011 (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=).

31. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009a. ACS-2009 Extract [MRDF]. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census [producer]. Brookings, SD: Rural Life and Census Data Center [distributor].

32. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009b. "United States - Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2009", Retrieved 12/8/2011, 2011 (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=).

33. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009b. "United States - Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007-2009", Retrieved 12/8/2011, 2011 (http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=).

34. Diaz-Giménez, Javier, Andy Glover, and José Victor Ríos-Rull. 2011. "Facts on the Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth in the United States: 2007 Update." Quarterly Review (02715287) 34:2-31.

35. Diaz-Giménez, Javier, Andy Glover, and José Victor Ríos-Rull. 2011. "Facts on the Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth in the United States: 2007 Update." Quarterly Review (02715287) 34:2-31.

36. Diaz-Giménez, Javier, Andy Glover, and José Victor Ríos-Rull. 2011. "Facts on the Distributions of Earnings, Income, and Wealth in the United States: 2007 Update." Quarterly Review (02715287) 34:2-31.

37. Reddy, Sanjay and Camelia Minoiu. 2009. "Real Income Stagnation of Countries 1960-2001." Journal of Development Studies 45:1-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380802265249

38. Philip, Lorna J. and Alana Gilbert. 2007. "Low Income amongst the Older Population in Great Britain: A Rural/Non-rural Perspective on Income Levels and Dynamics." Regional Studies 41:735-746.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400701281717

39. Kangayi, Chipo, M. Rose Olfert, and Mark Partridge. 2009. "Co-operatives and Rural Community Population Growth: Evidence from Canada." Review of Regional Studies 39:49-71.

40. Farole, Thomas, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose, and Michael Storper. 2011. "Human geography and the institutions that underlie economic growth." Progress in Human Geography 35:58-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132510372005

41. Uzzi, Brian and Shannon Dunlap. 2005. "How to Build Your Network." Harvard Business Review 83:53-60.

42. Partridge, Mark, Ray D. Bollman, M. Rose Olfert, and Alessandro Alasia. 2007. "Riding the Wave of Urban Growth in the Countryside: Spread, Backwash, or Stagnation?" Land Economics 83:128-152.

43. Carr, Patrick J. and Maria J. Kefalas. 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

44. Flora, Cornelia Butler and Jan L. Flora. 2008. Rural Communities: Legacy + Change, 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Westview Press.

45. Carr, Patrick J. and Maria J. Kefalas. 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

46. Carr, Patrick J. and Maria J. Kefalas. 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

47. Carr, Patrick J. and Maria J. Kefalas. 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

48. Carr, Patrick J. and Maria J. Kefalas. 2009. Hollowing Out the Middle: The rural brain drain and what it means for America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Share

COinS